There was a belief at the time that Apostle James was buried in north western Spain, thus all routes led there. The people felt it would be good for the soul to pay him visit, to see the relics. For them it was really exciting to see the real thing, the accomplishments of their lives. Their strong faith moved them.

AROUND 1000 things settled down in Europe a bit. The great movements were over. Traveling was impossible. Just before year 1000, great famine occured and St. Peter's roof burned down. "Mille, nope mille." Imagine if electricity was lost now, that's how it was, but returned in year 1000 from the 'white blanket.' (In art: what happened, how was it expressed? What is art an expression of?) There was enormous energy from the empire(church) and state (feudal lords).

Democrats and Republicans.... one party accuses the other of spending, et cetera. Those who was less government control enormous industries.

In battle between feudal lords and centrality, what happened in 1216? The magna carte, issued by the king and resisted by feudal lords. It was the beginning of freedom. The magna carte wasn't needed in Italy though, as they had in 1187ish a municipal organization (Milan, etc) that came up with own elected administration, rather democratic. in 14th century, democracy developed in Florence.

There are two stories. One is of bitter fights, the other of the church, challenging the empire. Only educated people had a chance through the church, to both be educated and implement their education. Remember even Charlemagne couldn't! The church was truly democratic, as process was based only on intelligence. Great families were more powerful, but that was taken care of by those forced to change their name when entering church, disengaging from family and putting all at same level in monastery.

Religious men lived in monasteries. Cluny was very rich, a gift from feudal lord John of Aquitane, so that they were only responsible to the church. Around 1049, an abbot was elected to rule for life, sixty years in his case. Once he was elected for life, everyone in the monastery knew there was no room for politic-ing, bringing peace. Perhaps this led to Cluny's explosion of culture, like Greece in 480 under Pericles (Socrates, Parthenon, Plato, Milon). *To create peace, confidence is needed. Doubt sucks energies. Yet confidence is of course dangerous, as seen in 1022 with Alcuin. Alcuin was extraordinary in his ability. Before him, the lead intellectual said, "I believe my knowledge on faith, first is faith, then comes knowledge."

"First I have to know, then faith/fate," said Alcuin though. Faith and analytical knowledge are opposite activities/attitudes. Only those with faith, without doubt, can accomplish greatness. The more intelligent ones can make it to great heights. In crucial moments of history, young people are elected by older people to lead world, see Alexander the Great or Hannibal or Napolean (all in their twenties). When Christianity was in dire danger, when Turks only had to disembark in Italy and walk to Rome to conquer, in 1571ad, all of the west panicked, except for France. They tried to do something, the other countries did, to put a Navy together. But who would command? Andrea Doria, and admiral of Venice, was chosen. He was 23/24 at the time/when command came. All were subordinate to him. Why so young? Young people who have proven to be able don't have reason for doubt. They go like an arrow, all out. Many of them have lived. That is where it comes "first faith, then knowledge," for they have to trust first and figure out after. During WWII, in England, the intelligent thinking of Chamberlain chose the mentally-child-like Churchill, a bully, who would think only one way. For he followed a 'faith' first, before the reason itself came.

Perhaps 'theos,' God within, took over during Cluny's height. Christianity was implemented in the hands of the educated in monasteries. During that time, Russia's first city came about in modern Unkraine. Vladimir, the ruler, sent his people religion shopping, and they picked up Byzantine's beauty, not Rome's rationality. Bulgaria comes from the Vulgars of Russia. At the time Arabs and Jews lived in peace in Spain, both interested in scholarship. The finest synagogues in the modern world are still in Spain.